Which of the following are examples of disinfection by-products (DBPs)?

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are chemical compounds formed when disinfectants, typically chlorine or chloramines, react with organic matter in water during the disinfection process. The correct choice includes TTHMs (trihalomethanes) and HAAs (haloacetic acids), both of which are well-documented categories of disinfection by-products.

TTHMs are formed when chlorine reacts with naturally occurring organic material in the water, leading to the creation of compounds such as chloroform and bromoform. HAAs, similarly produced from the interaction between chlorine and organic matter, include a set of five specific acids (known collectively as HAA5) and contribute to potential health risks. Regulatory agencies monitor levels of these DBPs, as they can pose health issues with long-term exposure.

The other options do not correctly identify DBPs; for instance, while NO2 can indicate nitrogen-related concerns in water quality, it is not classified as a disinfection by-product. CDs (chlordane and dioxins) and TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) are unrelated to disinfection processes, and PH (potential hydrogen) and TDS (total dissolved solids) reflect water's chemical properties but are not classified as disinfection by-products